Power Factor Correction Using Boost Converter Technique Engineering Essay

Force Factor Correction Using Boost Converter Technique Engineering Essay This paper explores a plan a solitary stage rectifier with improved force factor by utilizing the lift converter method. This paper presents the utilization of lift converter strategy can improve the force factor. By planning the requirements of the strategies, the general Power Factor (PF) would be improved to the desire. The low force factor is brought about by non-linearity of the info current. Lift converter is one of strategy for re-molding the info waveform to be same example with the sinusoidal information voltage. The associated controls that go about as a Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuit. The outcomes were looked at without PFC and latent PFC and dynamic PFC. At long last the reproduction results are appeared to confirm the exhibition of this altered the PFC. Watchwords : rectifier , help converter , dynamic PFC , aloof PFC , power factor adjustment (PFC) , power factor Presentation In generally electrical and electronic force supplies, the AC input is redressed is associated straightforwardly after the diode rectifier connect. The AC mains are normal and expanded wellspring of vitality. DC power gracefully is required for activity of electronic types of gear, for example, in PCs, TVs, screens and others. A basic circuit comprising of diode rectifiers and mass capacitor can conceivable to acquire DC voltage. The issue of the information circuit, the high symphonious bends on the line and unnecessary pinnacle input flows are delivered and the consequence of intensity factor in the framework is poor. [1] In request to improve these issues, many force factor redresses of air conditioning dc converters are introduced to accomplish high force factor and low sounds twisting by adjusting the information phase of the diode rectifier and the channel capacitor circuit. Force factor is characterized as the proportion of the genuine force (P) to the clear force (S) or cosine for unadulterated sine wave for both current and voltage that speak to s the stage edge between the current and voltage waveform. Figure 1.0a shows the force factor triangle.[2] Power factor is measure how proficiently electrical force is devoured. The force factor can change between 0 to 1. It very well may be either slacking (inductive) or driving (capacitive). The helpless force figure result decreased effectiveness which expands cost electricity.[2] Many utilities organizations call upon punishments for the low force factor. At the point when a converter has not as much as solidarity power factor, it implies that the converter ingests evident force that is higher the dynamic force it devours. A higher VA rating than the heap required from the force source ought to be appraised. Figure 1.0a: Power factor triangle The lift converter most broadly utilized topology for accomplishing power factor adjustment. The figure shows the PFC support converter circuit. [3] The way toward reshaping the information current is finished by help converter. The mass vitality stockpiling capacitor sits on the yield side of the lift converter instead of soon after the diode connect. The control circuit for this venture utilized ease parts and good outcomes. Figure 1.0b: relationship of Ac input voltage and current Figure 1.0b is show the waveform of connection between Ac input voltage and current. The waveform is expected the absolutely resistive non direct burden. Framework DESRIPTION A solitary stage rectifier with support converter is appeared in figure 1. Lift converter is utilized for reshaping input current. Figure 1.1a: Boost PFC converter Figure 1.1b: Voltages and flows waveforms Figure 1.1a and 1.1b shows that the essential design of rectifier that utilizations Boost converter strategy as PFC with its individual voltages and flows. The information current would be exceptionally non-direct for rectifier without PFC. It happened when the capacitor is having enormous worth. [4] The lift converter includes a switch, a diode, an inductor and a capacitor. The switch and diode are relying upon the voltage and current pressure that they should deal with for all the conceivable working conditions. The lift converter additionally rang step converter which is the yield voltage consistently more noteworthy than the information voltage. Force FACTOR CORRECTION Force factor remedy (PFC) is one of the strategies to improve the low force factor of a framework by utilizing appropriate gadgets. There are two sort of the PFC in particular the inactive and dynamic force factor rectification. The point of the force factor adjustment circuits is to make the contribution of the force flexibly act like absolutely resistive or a resistor.[4,5] By utilizing the inactive PFC, it can accomplish the target of the low force factor applications. The expansion of a channel inductor which is associated with the arrangement with the info circuit, the uninvolved components is acquainted with improve the line current. This detached component will expanded to an estimation of 0.7 around. The accomplishment is corrupted with the littler estimations of inductance. The uninvolved PFC is progressively reasonable at lower power levels. The dynamic force factor rectification results are progressively appropriate choice for accomplishing the closest solidarity power factor and the sinusoidal info current waveform. The dynamic PFC configuration capacities by controlling the info current so as to cause the current waveform to carry on like the flexibly voltage. A converter and exchanging frequencies higher than the AC line recurrence is included between the yield of the diode connect rectifier and the mass capacitor in the dynamic force factor revision. NON ISOLATED Separated Lift/BUCK, BUCK+BOOST PWM RECTIFIER FLYBACK FORWARD PWM RECTIFIER HIGH FREQUENCY LOW FREQUENCY P.W.M Thunderous Sear stage OFFLINE PDC circuit Dynamic PFC Inactive PFC Figure 1.2: sear stage disconnected PFC topologies. Inactive POWER FACTOR CORRECTION The AC-DC converter involves a full extension rectifier followed by an enormous channel capacitor for the information stage. The info current for the rectifier circuit includes the biggest broken pinnacle current heartbeats. The high mutilation of the info current happens because of the diode rectifier lead for the short period.[7] By utilizing this uninvolved force factor adjustment, the estimation of the force factor can be expanded of the 0.7 roughly. Expanding power factor because of the possibility of detached PFC which is to sift through the consonant flows by utilizing low pass channel. Along these lines, this latent force factor rectification has the accompanying primary favorable circumstances and burdens: Favorable circumstances à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬ it has a basic structure, it is solid and rough. The cost was low and the high recurrence exchanging misfortunes are not delicate to commotions. Inconveniences à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬ it make symphonious, it has helpless force factor, it creates high misfortunes and it lessens influence most extreme influence capacity from the heap. In the inactive PFC, the utilization of the inductor in the information circuit is just utilized. . Dynamic POWER FACTOR CORRECTION A functioning PFC is a force electronic gadget intended to control the measure of intensity drawn by a heap and acquire a force factor as close as conceivable to solidarity. In a functioning PFC, the capacity was by controlling the information current and cause the current to act like gracefully voltage. There are two classes of the dynamic PFC arrangements which are the low recurrence and the high recurrence dynamic force factor remedy. Approach The reproduction procedure is completed by utilizing PSIM programming. The PSIM recreation model for by and large framework is appeared in figure 2.0. The reenactment circuit can be separated to three areas which are the fundamental source (input), the PFC (rectifier) and the heap (yield). Figure 2.0: PSIM reproduction model for in general framework The product reproduction process is separated into three stages which are non direct burden, aloof PFC and dynamic PFC (help converter). Start Without PFC. Reproduction process utilizing PSIM With PFC by utilizing dynamic channel (support converter) With PFC by utilizing latent PFC 1 2 3 Figure 2.1: flowchart of the reproduction procedure Initial, a non-direct burden without PFC is mimicked for confirmation of idea utilizing PFC. Figure 2.1.1 shows the flowchart of the procedure of the principal recreation step. 1 Circuit demonstrating Interface a non straight burden Wanted outcome End Indeed No Circuit recreation Figure 2.2: flowchart without PFC circuit In the following stage, detached PFC is included the circuit. The aloof PFC which is extra to the diode connect rectifier. The latent components are acquainted with improve the idea of line current. As the voltage builds, the measures of PFC parts increment as well. Figure 2.1.2 shows the flowchart of the procedure of the subsequent reenactment step. 2 Circuit demonstrating Interface a non straight burden Add aloof component to the circuit Wanted outcome End Truly No Circuit reproduction Wanted outcome End Truly No Circuit reproduction 3 Circuit displaying Associate a non direct burden Include support converter after scaffold diode in the circuit Include control circuit Figure 2.1.2 : flowchart for third reproduction Figure 2.1.2: flowchart for second reproduction In the third step, a functioning PFC supplanted the aloof PFC. The lift converter is included this circuit. A functioning PFC can control the measure of intensity drawn by a heap and acquires the force factor as close as conceivable to solidarity. At that point the control circuit additionally added to the lift converter. Mosfet is utilized in the lift converter circuit which is an exchanging. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Without Power Factor Correction For the non straight burden which is the circuit without the PFC , the force factor is low analyzes to the utilizing of intensity factor adjustment. From the waveforms , as should be obvious the force factor is 0.6 from 0.1 seconds onwards. The state of information current isn't likely the state of information voltage. It on the grounds that there are some unsettling influence occurred in framework. Figure 3.1 : without PFC Figure 3.2 : PF , Vin and Iin waveforms With Passive Power Factor The initial step of the reenactment is intended for non straight burden. In the following stage, an aloof component which is the inductor is added to improve the idea of the line current. From these figure,

Custom Research Paper Writing Service

Custom Research Paper Writing ServiceA custom research paper writing service is an ideal solution for students who would like to improve their writing skills. Most universities and colleges provide several forms of courses to help students hone their abilities. These courses are usually written in the form of papers, and it is sometimes a necessary task for students to write these papers.However, if you are one of the students who do not enjoy writing due to the nature of the college curriculum, you should try to write your own research papers online. Writing your own research papers has many advantages over using another paper writing service. Furthermore, it is the best way to learn.One advantage of using a custom research paper writing service is that you will be able to edit your writing skills after writing your paper. This can be helpful especially if you want to rewrite some sentences or phrases in your paper. There are some occasions where your thoughts might change or some s entences might need to be rearranged. A good research paper writing service will be able to edit your paper to make it appealing. It is a good practice to edit your paper before you submit it to your school.You will also be able to save time when you try to write your own research paper. Most universities require that students use research papers that are concise and very interesting. If you are not comfortable with writing and editing your own paper, you can hire a professional research paper writing service to do it for you.Another advantage of hiring a custom research paper writing service is that they will provide feedback on your paper. This is good because you can ask about any grammar mistakes you made or different concerns that you have when writing your paper. A good research paper writing service will even offer advice on how to rewrite the paper.Aside from providing feedback on your paper, a custom research paper writing service will also offer guidance on the topics you choose to write about. They will help you set up your topic according to the topic that is taught in your course. They will also explain your choices to you and help you decide what topics to write about. They will also tell you how to structure your paper and how to write specific information that you are writing about.A custom research paper writing service will also offer advice on how to revise your paper. This can be helpful if you are having trouble revising your paper or if you need more ideas on how to write your paper. They will also show you different revision strategies that can be used to revise your paper.To summarize, a custom research paper writing service can be an effective and convenient way to improve your writing skills. By using this service, you will be able to save time and effort by doing it yourself.

Risk Assessment for the Company Agricultural Land Trust-free Sample

Question: Examine about the Risk Assessment for the Company Agricultural Land Trust. Answer: Presentation The review for the business association is important to perceive the viability of the business for a specific year just as this is accomplished for the evaluation of the business association. The business making systems are to be powerful for its achievement. There results specific sorts of dangers from the business forms just as the board of the equivalent (Lim et al. 2013). The danger of the business is meant as the dangers which when not tended to may essentially make the antagonistic impact on the business and the business association and may bomb the whole business domain for the new businesses just as the entrenched business association. Subsequently, improving business requires the hazard evaluation and this guarantees the productive business in the parts of hazard that could make the antagonistic impact on the business association. The business hazard includes the danger of robbery, wrongdoing by the workers, money related dangers or obligation and gainfulness dangers or inco me chance. Be that as it may, the business chances likewise have different dangers from the parts of climate, the hazard from the remote trade and monetary condition dangers or administrative dangers over the business association (Suter II, 2016). The business dangers do change by the business and their particular circumstance. The point of the investigation is to get the hazard appraisal for the organization Agricultural Land Trust. This investigation has incorporated the outline of the business to which the organization identified with alongside the depiction of the business association. The examination additionally incorporates the hazard evaluation for the firm alongside the recommendation that can decrease the components of the hazard. Diagram of Industry The development and engineering business is among the greatest business inside the Australia. This has the significant pieces of income for the countrys economy. These yield better gross household items in the economy of Australia. This likewise accept the essential purposes of dynamic of the improvement in the money related parts of the associations. The advancement of the business association does functions admirably for both private just as open choice which takes part in the three territories for the development and these involve the private structure, government working just as improvement planning. The business of this segment is exceptionally fundamental for the turn of events and development of the Australian economy and this would produce tremendous income for the individuals just as for the legislature. This likewise gains loads of benefit for the development organization and the structural organization which are the pioneers for the business with better winning of the inco me. With the worldwide money related emergency the business had fallen at certain purpose of time anyway this has advanced the business and had end up being fruitful for dealing with the issues with the monetary emergency. Numerous contemplations are furnished with impact by obstruction of the administration by the energizing the monetary development.This likewise keeps up the enthusiasm of the work forms for improvement in the private structures just as for the preparation structures. The business turned into the fourth greatest industry of Australia in the year 2009. This has prevailing in their procedure and can procure their income true to form by the associations those are inside this industry. Portrayal of Company The business association Agricultural Land Trust is the Australian design firm, which has situated in St Kilda, Melbourne. This is one of the developing firms, which has helped to establish by Suzannah Waldron and Nick Searle. The business firm has begun in the year 2007. The firm focuses on the activities that run from the little scope private development to the colossal scale urban ace arranging (Vinnem, 2014). They had structured different design and activities in Australia that has made impact on the individuals and the Museum of contemporary workmanship arranging show just as the Ballarat Annexe. These developments have overseen for accomplishing different honors by the Australian Institute of Architecture. These do incorporate the 2012 COLORBOND Award for the development of Steel Architecture and for Public Architecture modification Additions; they got the 2012 Architecture Award (Agricultural Land Trust engineering. (2017).Sxwa.com.au. Recovered 5 May 2017, from https://www.sx wa.com.au/). Their capacities of the engineering have displayed inside Europe and Asia. Their specialization has found in the territory of tennis structure, courts, studios, masterful structures, outlaw structure, roadways and paths, spans and numerous different developments that require the design developments. The organization has begun in the year 2007 and has prevailing to high expand. SWOT examination of Agricultural Land Trust Quality The workers of the business firm are successful and yield better outcome from the business. They have the solid client base. They possess the better situation inside the market. They have gotten money related assets. Their administrations are very amazing and have made their image picture better in the previous years in the wake of accomplishing numerous honors (Schwing Albers, 2013). The business they had picked is gainful and ceaselessly developing to the significant level. Shortcoming Barely any staffs are not sufficient to yield better results. There are helpless in the market rivalry. They do need producing new advancements from not many years and the contenders are with the cutting edge advances. The group the board chiefs are less effective to deal with their colleague and thus do not have a definitive objective with late culmination. Openings The organization has the chance to grow their business inside the new market and spread their development to around the world. Their business making systems are even better can improve with the simple execution of less things into their methodologies. They can improve their business systems to increase better agreements (Covello Merkhoher, 2013). Better exposure would give them better extension to get enormous activities of development and this would return better benefit from their business. Dangers The business requires a lot of budgetary help and this may need anytime, of time. More seasoned innovation use can need them behind different contenders inside the business showcase. Political impact can make impact to their business. Hazard Assessment The hazard appraisals are the evaluation of the different holes in the matter of the development organization. The organization needs to confront various dangers from the diverse perspective and these do make sway over the organization. Subsequently, the appraisals of the dangers are required so that these may lessen to accomplish the better outcome from the business (Thompson et al. 2013). The hazard that the organization faces is from the significant rivals in the market. The contenders are tremendously cutting-edge and they do their procedure with the compelling consummation of them. The contenders are well solid with money related help and these approach to get the agreement of the immense venture that guarantees of the ensured cost for the development venture. An owner makes contract records with a planner or an engineer including a game plan of frameworks. The record keeping advancements are not up to the cutting edge patterns and subsequently the organization needs to deal wit h their database and other significant data with the assistance of paper documentation. This would result from them to lose any of the significant data in regards to the representative and the association and would make the gigantic misfortune by losing the data that is assisting with keeping up their business with viability (Pastorok et al. 2016). Representatives are from the diverse culture and henceforth the organization needs to confront a lot of contention inside the workers and this makes the unfavorable impact on the business and its procedures. Numerous incompetent works are available inside the organization based on the agreement and they are not the perpetual representative to them. This makes the absence of work expertise just as quick consummation of the work forms associated with the development venture. Since the organization works with different nations, they needed to confront money related hazard because of the variety of monetary conditions. In certain climate condition, they can't make build work, as there is precipitation. In this climate condition, they needed to stop their work procedure and the pay, just as benefit, has halted and needed to give compensation to their representatives. Frequently chance happens from nature, as there is no equivalent state of the earth at each spot and region (Bahr, 2014). R egular cataclysms likewise make hazard factors for them. These are the hazard factors, that the organization needed to confront and the general benefit gets upset and feels to have less earned with troubles. Utilization of the Auditing Standard ASA 315 This standard arrangements with the duty of the evaluator to survey the danger of material errors that may be available in the budget summaries of the organization by getting a comprehension of the matter of the element and the earth in which it works including the inward control that have been executed by the element (AASB,2013). Australia Land Trust is a recorded property trust. It is occupied with the matter of interest in the rustic property to gain rental pay on these properties and pay by method of capital gratefulness at the hour of offer. By investigating the idea of the business in which the element is included coming up next are the review hazards that must be surveyed:- The organization claims country properties at different areas thusly; the evaluator needs to get a comprehension of the recurrence at which the hindrance test is led of these properties. The organization would be associated with the acquisition of investment properties as it acquires pay by method of c

12-week Periodized Training Program for Chad Evermore - 825 Words

12-week Periodized Training Program for Chad Evermore (Essay Sample) Content: 12-week Periodized Training Program for Chad EvermoreName:Instructor:Course:Date: 11 June 201412-week Periodized Training Program for Chad EvermoreThe clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s training history is commendable and considering that he is generally in good shape, the training regimen will have to concentrate on building his strength. His chosen sport is golf, which mainly features anaerobic exercises and needs him to build up his core strength and flexibility. We must also take into account his 20% body fat, which while not life threatening, has a notable effect on his overall strength. The core approach is therefore one that builds the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strength and ability to operate at peak performance considering his age. The training program in development therefore needs to be specific to a golferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s motions and strength requirements to ensure that he is able to participate in the sport and training with a reduced risk of injury when the training ends.Trainers h ave conducted many periodized training programs in the past and their effectively recorded their results. One study in particular utilized an 8-week program for elderly golfers and recorded participant strength increases of up to 60.7% (Thompson Osness, 2004). It is, however, advisable to extend the training over a 12-week period to create a more gradual strength-building escalation that reconditions all the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s muscle groups while also considering his bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s limitations (Sousa et al., 2011).The client has 20% body fat, which while not infringing on his ability to play effectively, will increase his overall strength if adequately reduced. The program will entail a subtle linear-intensification method that if used effectively, will reduce chances of deterioration and result in better technique acquisition and retention (Baker, 2007). Considering the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s age and overall health, it is important to divide the program into sequential blocks that p rogressively build upon their predecessorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ achievements.The first weeks will involve light exercises designed to gauge the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s abilities while not placing him at risk of injury. For the first four weeks, Chad will need to adapt his body to the training and this will involve weightlifting training accompanied by aerobic two days every week. These will help his body adapt to the training and will involve circuits in which he will do three sets of each lifting exercise. These exercises occur in reps of one each in a cyclical pattern with him returning to the first routine after finishing the last one and with 60-second intervals in between sets.It is imperative that we take the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s reaction to the training account during these first weeks since these determine the pace of the training program. During this period, it is possible to notice slight changes in the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s resistance and their ability to cope with the training, so the progr am can incorporate changes in weights and aerobic exercises as needed. This stage also incorporates the trainerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ability to monitor the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s physical abilities to reduce chances of injury, especially as the training gets more intense.WEEKS 1-4Reps: 15-25 with light weights1-3 sets per muscle group with 30-60 second rest periodsOne exercise per muscle groupOnce we have identified his physical abilities into account, Chad can begin the basic weight-lifting program that incorporates three days of training every week. The training will focus on one muscle group in each session, in that each training day will focus on the upper body, leg and arm strength respectively. This increases the resting period for each muscle group and ensures a reduced risk of injury while allowing for an increase in strength and an increase in muscle mass (Baker, 2007).Since he is building his strength for the ultimate golf game, we must remember to build the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s anaerobi c profile. This means a higher number of sets should feature in the program as well. Such exercise intensity will lead to increased muscle productivity over long periods, which will increase the overall consistency of his golf game. This period will also incorporate some aerobic exercises that will not be as intense as those in the first weeks were and whose intensity will depend on the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s preferences.WEEKS 5-84-8 sets per muscle group, incorporating both aerobic and anaerobic training8-12 reps per set60-120 seconds rest periodThe final four weeks will not feature a...

Report on Organizational Structure and finance of British Airways - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2583 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This report aims to give an analysis of the organisation of the British Airways Airline. It will discuss the organisational structure of British Airways and its sources of finance; that is where it gets its money from, how it is used and whether a profit or a loss is being made. The market the organisation operates in and its management type will also be discussed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Report on Organizational Structure and finance of British Airways" essay for you Create order The quality of the good or service provided will also be highlighted and an analysis of the supply chain that is showing the forms of distribution will be given. In conclusion, the report will summarise the information on the organisation and a view of its trading in the last five years followed by recommendations on how I feel the business may proceed in the current economic climate. The report was compiled by drawing literature from the British Airways website, lecture notes and relevant Business Organisation books. History: The British Airways, an organisation that operates in the Travel Market is the largest operating airline in the United Kingdom. It has its base at Heathrow Airport in London. Although the airline has been operational since 1919, developments over the years saw the merging of the British Airways Corp. (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA) in 1974 leading to the establishment of the current British Airways,(Corke, 1986). The organisation operates both domestic and international flights to about 600 destinations around the world. This is the reason why it is one of the worlds leading airlines. The British Airline is a Public Limited Company (PLC). It was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1987. Following its privatisation, the airline expanded its operations and managed to take over some competitors such as British Caledonian within the same year and Dan-Air in 1992. During the late 1990s, British Airlines established the One World alliance as it became more competitive to win more customers and had themselves high profit margins during the millennium labelling the airline a major full-service carrier, (Corke 1986). Organisational Structure: Mintzeberg et al, (1979) defines a business as an organisational entity that is legally set up to provide goods and services to customers in a country. He further states that an organisation consists of a large number of people bringing together ideas to achieve common goals using a variety of tactics to come up with short-term and long-term strategies for a businesss future success. Since British Airways is a public limited company (PLC), its type of business organisation is the private sector. Being a Public Limited Company, British Airways is owned by shareholders who buy shares from the stock exchange market and have separate legal identity from the business. If the business goes into debt each shareholder will only lose the amount of share capital they invested and not their personal possessions. Due to the airline being a private limited company, the government is not involved in its running. Its aims and objectives are to maximise profit in the long-term by focusing on impro ving and maintaining outstanding customer service and becoming the worlds leading premium airline. An organisational structure is important because it determines how the organisation will be run in order to meet its aims and objectives, (Cunnee, 2008). He defines an organisational structure as the number of ways used in a business to set up division and specialization of labour focusing on maintaining co-ordination to achieve the same targets. British Airways has a flat structure meaning it has a small number of management levels but a wide span of control. The airline has adopted a divisional structure mainly because of the nature of its business which is customer focused. The advantages of this method are that it gives clear identification of job roles, less time consumed in decision making and easy supervision for managers between departments. This increases efficiency as different people are given the opportunities to effectively utilise their different skills, but it can als o be in efficient because the managers have a large number of subordinates reporting to them therefore increasing their workload. On the other hand, employees may not feel secure about their jobs as they are being strictly watched over and may be de-motivated to work effectively. Another shortfall of this method is that each department may focus on its own objectives which may conflict with other departments, (Martin, 2010). Sources of Finance: British Airways is financed by issuing shares to the general public on the stock exchange market and from convertible bond issues. The bonds which have low interest rates could be used as a long-term fund which can be changed into share capital of the company during times of bankruptcy, (Rutterford, 2007). In 2009, the Market Watch reported that British Airways got a boost of pound;600 million through the issuance of convertible bond and an agreement with its pension fund to release bank guarantees back to the airline. Of this amount pound;300 million worth of convertible bonds due to mature in 2014 and will be convertible into 15% to 20% of its share capital. The other pound;300 million which will only be accessible in the case of bankruptcy will allow British Airways access to bank funding of pound;3330 million up June 2012, (Market Watch, 2009). Like most public companies, British Airways aims and objectives are to maximise profit. In 2008, British Airways made a profit of po und;726m while its 2009 Income Statement shows a loss of pound;358m. Part of the loss is due to the effects of the recession that affected a large number of United Kingdoms businesses and the whole world. Because of the recession, there was a high increase in fuel prices due to limited resources. This left British Airways with no choice but to buy the fuel regardless of the price as it is important for its business. Fewer consumers were able to afford travelling expenses due to high costs. The wage bill of the company also had a great impact during such hard times. The employees demanded high wages for them to be able to afford their own personal needs as well. The differences between the airlines management and the employees led to strikes that also contributed to the loss of profits by the company. The strikes led to a destruction of many consumers travel plans that has also led to bad public image causing a negative influence on the airlines market. The conflict of objectives bet ween the airlines management and its employees still remains unresolved. In 2009, most of the expenditure expenses were made up of fuel and oil costs and employee costs of pound;2969(m) and pound;2139 (m) respectively. The loss made in 2009 was carried forward through to 2010 of which a loss of pound;425(m) was made. Marketing Management Marketing is the identification and provision of customers needs at the same time ensuring that the organisation makes a profit. Marketing management is essential for a business such as British Airways as it allows for flexibility to adapt to the changing needs of the market. In this strategy, the organisation is always assessing the needs of its customers in order to design products of better value. There are many different strategies a business could adopt for better marketing management and this could be done through the marketing mix. Marketing mix is the identification of the 4/7Ps. In this report I am only going to talk about the four main Ps. The 4Ps are the product being made, the place it is going to be provided, promotional strategies put in place and the price to be paid by consumers, (Kotler et al, 2009). The nature of the business of British Airways is to provide flight services to consumers across various places around the world. The airlines product strategy includes flight services that are offered in various packages for example, the differentiation between the business, first and economic classes. This is done to satisfy each consumer as the airline has considered and provided for different classes of the economy. Promotion is the extra cost of a business to differentiate itself from competitors and try to win consumers attention by persuading them to choose them over their competitors. British Airways has branded itself as an airline that provides a luxury, safety, reliable and convenient service that transfers people to different destinations which is why one would want to go out and travel with them. Price is the value placed on the exchange of goods or services during the marketing process. Customers pay up money in return to satisfy their needs, (Smith, 2007). The price should be based on the quality of the product, taking into account customers expectations. However, charging a low price to a product worth more may not be beneficial to the company as that would lead to a loss in potential profit (Kotler et al 2009) while on the other hand; charging a high price for a product not worth it will cause a reduction in demand and bad public image. British Airways pricing policy entitles one to get what they paid for with the freedom of choice in the payment package for the type of flight service they would like. The airlines pricing strategy is based on three class seats provided by the airline. These are premium, medium-value and economy strategies. With the premium strategy, business and executive consumers are given a high quality service being charged a high price for it. British Airways competitors in this service are other giant airlines such as Virgin and American Airlines. The medium-value strategy consists of a standard charge with quality less than the premium strategy but more than of the economy strategy. The economy strategy provides just the basic services with extra benefits like entertainment and free food and drinks adding to the quality and advantage of British Airways brand image, (Kotler et al, 2007). However, the airline has revised its pricing policy to competitive based pricing meaning it charges fares at the same level as competitors or lower. The airline wants to compete with rival low-cost airlines on short-haul European flights. Free food will still be offered although a fuel surcharge of pound;8 per single journey (pound;16 return) has to be paid by customers on top of their regular payments, (British Airways,). Another advantage of British Airways pricing strategy is that low-cost airline ticket prices a cheap when you book them well in advance but as it gets towards travelling dates they become very expensive, even much more expensive than British Airways. With British Airways the price will relatively still be the same until the week one travels. Quality Quality is a word which is defined differently by different people. From the different meanings, quality is the sum of all the features of a product or service that ensure that the customers needs are met appropriately. The products or services should be at least worth the price charged on them likewise, the quality of employees could be based on their performance with regards to the given tasks, (Mauch, 2010). British Airways adopted a high quality service approach although it eventually came to conflict with cost-cutting measurements that had to be put in place due to increased competition. The service provided by British Airways is flights from one destination to another and its brand core is Quality flights for all people meaning it tries to satisfy and accommodate all different kinds of consumers. As a consumer you get the feel of being a business man and executive traveller and the airline has the glamour any traveller would dream of. Being a fast mode of transport, less time is consumed for people in a hurry, you are assured of being at your destination at the estimated time shown when purchasing you ticket. Most people who fly with British Airways are the business man as suggested by its brand, although all different cultures are welcome on board. Marketing wise, the airline offers luxury travel with safety and comfort whilst flying. Despite increased competition and cost-cutting, the airline still remains one of the best airlines because low-cost airlines such as Easy-Jet and Raynair do not offer extras or as much comfort and security like British Airways. This is for example, Low-cost airlines only provide cheaper fares but they do not offer luxury comfort like TV entertainment or free food and drinks on flights and business seats compared to British Airways. Supply Chain A supply chain consists of a link between different channels of distribution that is, from the raw materials to the final customer. Supply Chain Management includes five key areas that are transportation, suppliers, warehousing, meeting orders and retailers; (Chopra et al, 2010). British Airways operates in the final product that is providing the service to customers. This makes the supply chain shorter and more effective due to the provision of direct services and saves time on any occurring problems as they can be dealt with quickly. The airline operates from many different locations with its major base at Londons Heathrow Airport. The customers have the strength of buying that can be divided into two main parts that are price sensitivity and relative bargaining power. The price sensitive buyers will look at an alternative option and compare prices charged to similar products and choose the one which is more beneficial. Therefore holiday packages have been introduced to overcome big volume products and for the airline to gain control over its supply chain and strengthen its brand. British Airways tries to satisfy all its customers with various needs from the different classes it provides for. Value is added in its supply chain process by providing different lounges and on board food and wine menus for the first class seats. Also the regular customers of the business class seats get blue, silver or gold cards and executive lounge at all main airports. Overall, the airline provides a good service for all fliers that is giving them free food and drinks, different types of entertainment including two in flight magazines, movie collections, radio channels and TV programs, British Airways target market is both domestic and global. Although the airline welcomes customers from all walks of life, it has made a lot of effort in maintaining its business and first class sections where it maximises its profits and increases its competitiveness at the same time cus tomers who use these two sections get real value for their money. Conclusion Due to increasing competition in the flying industry, consumers expect a reduction in the prices charged which would cause the companies to reduce the quality service provided. Although Easy-Jet and Raynair seem to have succeeded, they have had to compromise the quality of the service by making it basic with nothing much to offer apart from the reduced fare. Because of its outstanding service the British Airways has remained competitive in the current economic climate. In the three of the last five years that are 2006, 2007 and 2008 British Airways made profits of pound;451(m), pound;304(m) and pound;726(m) respectively, however in the other two years, 2009 and 2010 it made losses of pound;358(m) and pound;425(m). This is mainly due to the effects of the recession that started towards the end of 2008. The airline has managed to survive the recession despite having made profit losses. I believe it has the potential to recover from its financial crisis and maintain its position as one of the leading airlines worldwide. The management and employee issues need to be addressed sooner than later in order to avoid strikes that will further increase the financial crisis of the company and also negatively affect its image in the market.

Essay on Huckleberry Finn A Freudian Perspective

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Mark Twain’s American classic Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we are told of the undertakings of the main character, Huck Finn. He is young, mischievous boy who distances himself from the torment of his home life by escaping with Jim, a runaway slave who is his only friend. As the novel continues, we find that the structure of Mr. Twain’s writing is redolent of certain aspects of Freudian psychology. More specifically, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be interpreted using the Oedipus complex ,which is one the defining works of Dr. Sigmund Freud. It basically states that a young male has an irrepressible subconscious desire to do away with his father so that he may be more intimate with his mother. Three†¦show more content†¦To make the scene even more convincing, he takes a few of his own hairs and sticks them to the blade of a nearby axe and also drags the pig carcass out to the river, creating the drag marks in the dirt of a chil d sized body, adding to the perfect crime scene. As Huck is hiding in the woods, he learns that everyone believes that he is deceased, which then allows him to escape from Pap, effectively â€Å"murdering† Huck’s fatherly figure. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Mississippi River is a symbol for Huck’s maternal figure. According to the guidelines set down by the Oedipus complex, a male is subconsciously willed to become more intimate with his mother once his father is eliminated. This does not have to interpreted solely as physical intimacy, but as a need for closeness between the male and his maternal figure. The moment that Huck leaves his father, he needs a person or thing to guide him along. In this particular circumstance, it is the mighty Mississippi itself. For the first few days of his â€Å"life after death†, Huck is entirely dependent on the river for everything that he needs. In a sense, it is a pathway to a new life of freedom and clarity for Huck. Throughout the novel, Huckleberry seems to become closer with the river itself. This is accomplished by constantly being led to new and different places and opportunities that are available to Huck as the river moves him onward, which is one o f the many roles of a maternal figure.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis : Enter Through The Narrow Gate 1289 Words   |  6 Pagesexample of such an upstream battle. Writer and rhetoric master Mark Twain sheds light on the topic of conflicting human principles in his work The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, what many call â€Å"the Great American Novel†.Twain uses the decisions Huck makes when the values of his society clash with his own morals in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn to argue that it is paramount that we not only refuse to give in to societal pressures, but to also stand up for what we believe in. In the novel, Twain uses

What Is Personality free essay sample

What is personality? Everyday people meet new people and sometimes they try to figure them out in order to see what kind of personality they have. People do this subconsciously or unconsciously. Personality isnt easily defined because its a broad topic that is still being researched. A brief definition of personality would be that personality is made up of characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique that means that the personality of an individual rarely changes and someones personality will not completely be the same as the person next to him/her ecause they are individuals and they are unique in their own way. The purpose of this review is to determine whether a persons personality traits can be a factor in an employees productivity in the workplace. Personality as stated above is a broad topic and to try explaining the whole topic in this literature review in its entirety would be impossible. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Personality? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Personality has fundamental characteristics that in the end form the personality of one person, some scientists believe that the personality an individual posses can be attributed to the genes that they are born with but there are some hat dispute that theory because they believe that your personality is developed with time and life experience. What are personality traits? Personality traits are distinguishing characteristics that make a person who they are they are unique to that person alone. Even though a lot of people might have similar personality traits each person combines these traits on a different way to create one unique irreplaceable assortment of traits that make up their individual personality. The Big Five trait theory is the most commonly used theory to determine a persons personality. They are also referred to as the Five Factor Model or FFM (Costa McCrae, 1992), and as the Global Factors of personality (Russell Karol, 1994). Openness is the first personality trait that forms the base of the big five theory, basically it refers to how open a person is to new things. This trait differentiates creative people from people that arent creative. People that tend to have a high score in openness are more in tune with their feelings on the other hand people that have low scores in openness are less open to trying new things, they are more traditional and they are straight forward. Conscientious is the second trait that forms part of the big five theory, this basically refers to the dedication and discipline the person shows in terms of the things that they are passionate about and whether they actually finish what they start. This specific trait refers to people that shy away from spontaneous behaviour and impulsive behaviour i. e. they prefer to have a plan and be in control. Extraversion is the third trait, it refers to whether the person is comfortable being in the company of others whether they are strangers or acquaintances. If the person has a high score then they can be considered an xtrovert because they can easily adapt to any situation and they can be the life of the party whereas if the person has a low score then the person can be considered an introvert meaning that they tend to be more shy amongst people that they know or dont know they are not very social and most times prefer to be by themselves. Agreeableness is the forth trait, it refers to how a person gets along with the people around them whether they are strangers or not- i. . the person is controntational or not. If a person has a high score on this trait then they tend to be more generous, riendly, and compassionate and their willingness to compromise with others they tend to shy away from confrontation. However if a person has a low score then they are deemed to be highly confrontational and unfriendly they are the complete opposite of agreeable individuals. Neuroticism is the final and fifth trait and it refers to how emotionally s table a person is. This trait determines the how emotionally stable a person is therefore people with a high score in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and they are more vulnerable to stress because they view minor stresses as ery difficult to deal with. People that have a low score are less emotionally reactive meaning that they are calmer and emotionally stable. There is an abbreviation for all five traits OCEAN. Work performance isnt easily defined because its still being researched till today, what it basically is, is how a person does their Job and whether they do it well or not. Personality traits cant be completely attributed to a persons work performance i. e. their productivity it is dependent on the type of Job. An example of this would be a sales person, a person that would have a low score on rait extraversion would have a low performance in terms of them achieving their sales targets because they are considered introverts and being a salesperson would require them to be more social then what they are comfortable with. Job absence is also a part of Job performance because if an employee isnt at work that reflects negatively on their productivity at the workplace.